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BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019 and since then has engulfed the entire globe at an unprecedented pace. The virus has infected all age groups, both males and females with or without symptoms and with significant variations. In this study, we wanted to analyse the data related to demographic features of COVID-19-infected patients mainly focusing on their age, gender and symptoms. METHODS: This was a hospital-based retrospective study that included all laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases which were declared SARS-COV-2 real-time RT-PCR positive by VRDL, SMCH, Silchar from March 2020 to August 2021. Data related to the demographic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 infection was retrieved from the ICMR-COVID-19 portal of the laboratory and analysed. RESULTS: The study included 8065 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases which involved 5605 cases during the first wave and 2460 cases during the second wave of COVID-19, diagnosed from different districts of South Assam. The majority of infected patients were of the younger age group of 20-30 years. The mean age of the patients was almost similar in both waves i.e. 35.9 and 38.4 years. Of the total enrolled patients, 91.7% were reported asymptomatic while 8.3% were symptomatic with fever and cough being the commonest ones. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic is a huge burden on healthcare facilities. The majority of the infected patients presenting to our hospital were young and asymptomatic, thus posing risk to the community. Hence, it is crucial to practice proper hygiene, wearing of masks and complete the vaccination schedule to achieve better vigilance to combat the COVID-19 pandemic more efficiently and effectively.
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Background: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of poultry affecting chicken of all ages. The causative agent IB virus (IBV) is a Gammacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae. Viral genetic mutations and recombination events particularly in the spike protein (S1) of IBV constantly give rise to emerging IBV variants. Vaccination is considered as the most reliable approach for IBV control, but current vaccines have been found to be ineffective due to constant emergence of new variant viruses. Objective(s): The objective of our study was to detect IBV genotypes prevalent in Assam, India. Material(s) and Method(s): Oro-pharyngeal swabs and tissue samples from unvaccinated broiler chickens showing respiratory symptoms were tested using RT-PCR targeting the N gene of IBV. The virus was isolated from infected swab/tissue samples in 9 days old specific pathogen free embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. Phylogenetic studies were done based on the S1 gene of IBV. Results and Conclusion(s): Clinically, the birds showed gasping and tracheal rales. Necropsy revealed distended ureters. Virus was isolated and identified by curling and dwarfing of the dead embryos and further confirmed by RT-PCR. Positive PCR amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis clustered the IBV isolate from Assam with genotype I lineage 1 IBV prototype sequence belonging to Beaudette and Mass 41 strains but the isolate exhibited a relatively high degree of sequence divergence with reference strains. Our findings suggest that the IBV isolate might have emerged from recombination with the local circulating virus or vaccine strains. This will have important implications for IB prevention strategies.
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The proceedings contain 206 papers. The topics discussed include: influenza: experiences from Kashmir;outbreaks of different viral etiologies amidst COVID-19 pandemic;development of a colorimetric isothermal (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of monkeypox virus;circulation of genetically diverse non-polio enteroviruses in respiratory samples during COVID-19 pandemic period (2021-22);evolutionary analysis of all eleven genes of species C rotaviruses circulating in humans and domestic animals;molecular characterization of dengue viruses circulating in Pune district, Maharashtra from 2009-2022;isolation and genomic characterization of cell fusing agent virus from aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Assam, India;structure-based identification and evaluation of antiviral activity of potent small molecule inhibitors targeting alphavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase;integration of HBV receptor NTCP into hepatoma cell using grnome editing;and hepatitis B virus genome targeting using CRISPR/Cas9based gene editing tool.
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The COVID-19 lockdown situation has raised important socio-economic issues within the craft industry in India. This paper specifically proposes to discuss to what extent the pandemic has strengthened the use of digital platforms and accelerated certain reconfiguration processes within the craft industry. E-commerce platforms have been recently investing in this sector, from local entrepreneurs' initiatives and governmental interventions to large e-commerce platforms (Amazon, Flipkart etc.). The idea is to examine the adaptation of work dynamics in a largely informal and precarious sector, the changes in terms of platform strategies, and the way in which the pandemic may have reinforced processes of dependency on certain digital players. Based on the case of the craft industry in India's North-East region, this paper will rely on qualitative methodology associating document analysis and fieldwork conducted before the lockdown in February 2020 in Assam, and followed by online interviews conducted after several months of lockdown. © OpenEditions Journals. All Rights Reserved.
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Background : Mucormycosis is a life threatening fungal disease caused by the filamentous fungi mucormycetes. Though a known entity for decades, it began to manifest in an unprecedented manner in the COVID scenario specially with the second wave in India. The objectives were to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, risk factors, therapy and in-hospital mortality of patients with Mucormycosis. Material and Methods : We conducted a retrospective observational study for a period of six months from March 2021 to August 2021. The data was collected for cases of mucormycosis from multiple centres all over West Bengal and analysed. All consecutive individuals with confirmed mucormycosis were enrolled in this study. The data documenting demographic particulars, presentation, predisposing factors and comorbiditieswere recorded in a pre validated case report form Details of investigation recording site and extent of disease, therapeutic intervention and outcome was mentioned . Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21.0 for MS-Windows. Results : The total number of cases from March to August 2021 was 263 . There were 171 males and 92 females and the mean age of occurrence was 50.8+or-0.4 years .In West Bengal clusters of cases were being reported most commonly from the districts of North 24 Parganas, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and Hooghly. Some cases admitted here hailed from outside states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Assam. The majority of the cases 74.22% (196)were COVID Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) while only 25.78% were non COVID associated. Diabetes mellitus was associated in 78.7% and history of prolonged steroid therapy in 57.4% of cases. We encountered rhino orbital mucormycosis in 99.24% of cases and cerebral involvement in 47.3%. They were treated with Amphotericin B deoxycholate along with endoscopic debridement. The most common side effects of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate were hypokalemia (93%), hypomagnesemia (32%) and AKI (74%) of the cases . The number of patients discharged was 16.7% and 10 left against medical advice (LAMA) . In hospital deaths were recorded to be 26.7%. Cause of death was commonly -AKI, septic shock and multiorgan failure . Conclusion : Prevention is better than cure of this devastating disease which is difficult todiagnose and treat . Awareness about mucormycosis and careful clinical evaluation of post-COVID patients is mandatory in this era in order to rapidly diagnose and treat mucormycosis.
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Over the past few decades, the process of purchasing clothing online has improved tremendously, and it's only getting better. Online purchasing offers a convenient and fast service. A new disease, Covid-19, has accelerated online shopping by compelling firms to adopt a necessary digital method. Many long-term changes in consumer purchasing behaviour are still taking shape in clothing sales after the pandemic's terrible impact, but things are gradually returning to normal. The worldwide apparel industry is one of the fastest-growing in the world. When it comes to purchases of clothing, working women have become a significant customer group. A substantial shift in women's purchasing habits can be traced to this increased value placed on clothing by women. To better understand working women's shopping habits and new trends in Guwahati City, this study examines how covid 19 pandemic changed working women's online purchasing behaviour. To research on women's awareness of online shopping and characteristics that influence online fashion purchases are the goals of this study. The study is aimed at a better understanding of working women's online apparel purchasing habits before and during the covid-19 pandemic. A questionnaire was sent out to 110 working women between the ages of 22 and 60 by the researcher. COVID-19 has led to a significant uptick in online shopping, with the majority of participants reporting a significant rise in the frequency with which they shop. Online shopping is preferred by most respondents due to its convenience of use, as well as the possibility to compare a wide range of products at a lower price and in a shorter amount of time. However it has its own limitations. There is a difference between seeing a cloth with naked eyes and seeing it on digital screen. Physical purchasing also offers the customer the opportunity to get the feel of the cloth. Thus sometimes customer may not satisfied with the quality of the online product,after receiving the delivery.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.
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The recent Outbreak of the Covid-19 from the Wuhan region of China has brought the critical situation and crisis to human species around the world. The issue of 'Human Security' has brought about the global crisis. It is now under discussion. There are new challenges around the world in the field of disease and treatment. The development of a health sector rather than military power can first protect the citizens of a country or nation. The same has been taught to the People of this generation. Basically, as a biological disaster, the disease has hit the socio-cultural and economic infrastructure of the world. 'Vasant roga' was recognized as a former world outbreak. The overall environment of the Concomitant outbreak after polio, plague, Spanish flu has caused a long-term crisis in the international economy, politics and health. The SARS-CoV-2 or the COVID-19 that affect more than 195 countries around the world at the same time are also challenges the scientific development of the world's advanced capitalist countries. The overall contribution of education technology and the discovery have been questioned. Out of the 195 countries around the world 84 countries have to be on the lock down. This is the first time in human civilization that so many countries are under lockdown. In this terrible situation every nation is moving towards economic slowdown. International communication, imports and exports have been stopped. There is a terrible danger to every government, private sector associated with labour and farmer class as well as the other professions. How will the future of a developing nation like India and a developing state like Assam be in this situation? How will this affect the society, literature and culture of Assam? The proposed issue is being researched for an academic discussion on the same.Copyright © 2020 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND: Considering the heavy toll taken by COVID- 19 pandemic, the understanding of the epidemiological parameters as well as various risk factors is crucial for future preparedness and tackling the pandemic in a more effective manner. We wanted to study the socio-demographic correlates of COVID -19 cases in Assam, India. Also to find the relationship of clinical status of COVID -19 cases with co- morbidities and with substance use. METHODS: An institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from 1st April 2020 to 31st August 2020. Out of the total 12 COVID Care Centres / hospitals that had been established in Kamrup and Kamrup Metro districts of Assam, 6 were randomly selected. A total of 3000 patients were interviewed over telephone by using an android-based application;on or after discharge from the centres, while patient was put on mandatory quarantine. The patients were interviewed on various socio-demographic variables, co-morbidities and substance use behaviour. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages and the continuous variables are expressed as mean +or- standard deviation. t-test and chi-square test were used for continuous and categorical variables respectively. RESULTS: Mean age of moderate and severe cases were 55.10 and 55.9 years respectively. Smoking and use of alcohol were significantly associated with severity of symptoms. Diabetes, hypertension and co-existing lung diseases were found to be associated with status of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological risk factors like age has to be relooked. Primary prevention on risk factors of non-communicable diseases proved to be crucial in prevention of severity of communicable pandemic like COVID-19. Further studies are required to enhance the knowledge on this aspect.
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The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek's disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country's economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.
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Objectives: There are studies highlighting TB trends in association with several factors like demographics, drug resistance, etc, but there is dearth of literature on performance of NTEP and its association with TB trends. Hence, present research aims at assessing the TB trend in association with NTEP from its inception, budget allocation, and expenditure. Further, study will highlight one of the best performing states in NTEP implementation strategies. Method(s): Its a retrospective study, data was extracted and analysed from official websites of the Central TB Division, National strategic plan reports, PubMed, and other grey literature. Study excluded literature on paediatric patients. Result(s): Study findings indicate trend of TB based on incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate for a period of 8 years starting from 2012 to 2020. From the trend, it's clear that mortality, incidence and prevalence rates are decreasing but impact of covid makes variations for the same. Looking at budget allocation, spending pattern, between 2012 to 2018 there was surplus of funds, whereas between 2019 to 2021 there is deficit. Trend analysis has revealed that the NTEP in India is performing well despite the pandemic effect. Conclusion(s): The study reported trends which shows mortality and incidence rates of tuberculosis in India are decreasing. But prevalence rate trend is increased in 2016 and 2017 due to the comorbidity condition like HIV and inaccuracy of data that is found in TB national report. The requested fund and approved budgeted fund differ significantly with actual fund released to the states. The budget and expenditure trend have revealed that allotted budget was underutilized in the early-stages and later expenditures exceed the budget, or the budget is overutilized. Finally, as per NTEP implementation among all the states, Assam is found to be one of the states that excels in outperforming on TB eradication in India with more data transparency.Copyright © 2022
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Background: Today the world is facing an unprecedented situation owing to the effects of COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by SAR-COV-2 virus, with clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to mild respiratory symptoms to rapid death. COVID-19 was first reported in a hospital in Wuhan city, China on 29th Dec 2019. Subsequently the disease spread rapidly throughout the country. The first case of COVID-19 outside of China was confirmed in Thailand in January, 2020. The disease has spread far and wide all over the world effecting almost every country in the world making it a global pandemic. As of now more than 200 million people have been effected across 213 countries and territories leading to loss of lives. As there is no treatment for the novel corona virus till date, lockdown, and social distancing and vaccination is the only practical and safe option to slow down the spread of the virus. Since the onset of the pandemic in early 2020, 35% of the population has experienced mental distress. Material(s) and Method(s): It is a community based cross-sectional study on parents having children from 0-5 years of age. The study was conducted in different municipal wards of Guwahati city, Assam. 5 municipal wards are selected randomly out of which 260 parents will be selected randomly. Based on the previous study "Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on mental health and perceived strain among the caregivers tending children with special needs" conducted by Sapna Dhiman and Shilpa Jain, School of Psychotherapy, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi India and published in Research in Developmental Disabilities, 6th October 2020. The prevalence of anxiety was found to be 20.5%. Result(s): Out of the 260 parents that were interviewed, 77 (29.6%) reported having a family member who was diagnosed with COVID-19, while 183 (70.4%) reported not having any family member who was diagnosed with COVID-19. Among the 87 parents who are govt. sector employees, 79 (90.8%) did not suffer from stress, while 8 (9.2%) suffered from stress. Among the 125 parents who are private sector employees, 93 (74.4%) did not suffer from stress, while 32 (25.6%) suffered from stress. Among the 30 parents who own business, 19 (63.3%) did not suffer from stress, while 11 (36.7%) suffered from stress. Among the 3 parents who reported being involved in agriculture, 2 (66.7%) did not suffer from stress, while 1 (33.3%) suffered from stress. Among the 15 parents who reported being unemployed, 9 (60%) did not suffer from stress, while 6 (40%) suffered from stress. Conclusion(s): Thus, through this study, one can conclude that the ongoing pandemic has certainly taken a toll on the mental well-being of parents and as such taking measures to identify and address the issue is the need of the hour. Thus, awareness should be created about identifying signs of various mental health issues so that people can identify and seek necessary medical help at the earliest. Copyright © 2023, Dr Yashwant Research Labs Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The term "COVID 19" refers to the corona virus disease that first appeared in 2019 and was discovered in Wuhan, China, in December of that same year. This was a pandemic viral sickness that severely damaged the biosphere as well as the lives of all living things. It had an impact on people on all levels of devastation, including their bodily, mental, and psychological health as well as their social, economic, cultural, educational, and political lives. It also had a detrimental impact regardless of one's age, gender, socioeconomic status, etc. Every group in the human population had been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the elderly, the young, the young at heart, and children. In this regard, the mental, physical, and psychological health of students was impaired by the impact of COVID-19, and the education of students was also negatively impacted. This research study aims to investigate the effects of online instructions on undergraduate students. Data were gathered using a primary approach, such as a questionnaire, and secondary data were also gathered from a variety of study-related sources, including articles, journals, books, census data, etc.. In light of the fact that online classes harm students' health, result in strengthen learners' departure from real biosphere, weaken learners' logical aptitude, and facilitate face-to-face interactive association, this study explains the detrimental effects of online education on undergraduate students. Copyright © 2023 Ubiquity Press. All rights reserved.
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When COVID-19 vaccines got authorization for emergency administration in order to attain immunity of the population against the pandemic in India, the Government rushed the people to get vaccinated. But two years into being vaccinated with the primary doses, the efficacy of the doses decreased and infection with COVID increased. The Government of India introduced the precaution dose on 10th January, 2022, but not much vaccination turn out is observed in case of precaution dose. India is facing what is known as vaccination fatigue which is causing vaccination hesitancy. This study identified the causes of vaccination fatigue among the adult population in the state of Assam, the primary cause being pandemic fatigue. With the increase in COVID cases worldwide, The Government should implement necessary steps to conquer the vaccination fatigue and decrease the vaccination hesitancy in the state. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.
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These days, the appraisal of the COVID-19 vulnerability has become a difficult errand for the whole world. The COVID-19 administration dynamic issue frequently includes numerous elective arrangements clashing standards. In this paper, we present a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) procedure based on the fuzzy VIKOR method to survey the COVID-19 vulnerability in the state of Assam, India. The trapezoidal fuzzy number is utilized to evaluate the rating of the loads for the set-up models. We have observed environment, social, and Medical factors after observing the spread of COVID-19. To study and to have comments, a committee of five experts has been formed from a different region of Assam to observe and comment to identify Coronavirus's weakest factors. For a better survey, we have divided the state into four areas namely Rural Area, Urban Area, Market Area in Rural Area, and Market Area in Urban Area. The current research looked at how the fuzzy VIKOR selects provinces for urgent adaptation needs differently than a traditional MCDM technique. © 2022 - IOS Press. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this research was to examine the current state of the terracotta and pottery craft business in Asharikandi, Dhubri district, Assam, India. Asharikandi’s terracotta and pottery craft is also a one-of-a-kind application of creative and business processes that dates back more than 200 years. At the moment, this industry provides a living for approximately 140 to 150 households. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in a lockdown scenario beginning in April 2020, there has been a significant impact on product sales and a resulting loss. The younger generation, in particular, is dissatisfied with the occupation. Our research reveals a silver lining: Despite the current uncertainties caused by the epidemic and various alternative livelihood prospects, some younger people, such as Gopal Paul, desire to continue the vocation and keep the family legacy of terracotta and pottery craft alive. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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Objectives: The aims of this study were to collect sociodemographic, clinical data regarding practice of self-medication and to assess quality of life in healthcare workers involved taking care of COVID-19 patients. Methods: The study population consisted of 104 healthcare workers from Gauhati Medical College and Hospital directly involved in management and control of COVID-19 Pandemic. It was a cross-sectional observational study using non-probability sampling. Data were collected in a questionnaire developed by the investigators which included age, sex, and occupation, COVID-19 such as symptoms, medicines used, contraction and confirmation of COVID-19 positive, and self-medication when COVID positive, symptomatic relief, and adverse effects and usefulness of self-medication. The data for mental health were obtained in a questionnaire based on the Professional Quality of Life Scale (Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Version 5) with responses rated on a five-point Likert scale. Results: The study consisted of 104 participants. Males were n=42 (40%) and females were n=62 (60%). Doctors n=20 (19%), Laboratory Technicians n=22 (21%), Nurses n=44 (42%), Pharmacists n=13 (13%), Ward boys n=3 (3%), and Ward girls n=2 (2%) took part. Eighty-four (97.7%) respondents took paracetamol, 39 (45.3%) took cough syrup, 30 (34.9%) used nasal decongestants, 25 (29.1%) utilized throat gargle, 24 (27.9%) used azithromycin, 22 (25.6%) used cefixime, 13 (15.1%) took amoxyclav, 27 (31.4%) took ORS, 3 (3.5%) took Doxycycline, 4 (4.8%) used Ivermectin, 1 (1.2%) took Dexamethasone, and 1 (1.2%) used Multivitamin. About 68% (n=51) of COVID Positive respondents self-medicated with Azithromycin, 24% (n=18) with Ivermectin, 41.3% (n=31) with Doxycycline, 20% (n=15) with Dexamethasone, and 4% (n=3) with Levocetrizine and Paracetamol. The Mental Health Assessment Scores were obtained as the sum total of scores of answers to the 30 questions provided per respondent. About 7% (n=7) respondents with total score between 60 and 69, 12% (n=13) from 70 to 79, 29% (n=30) from 80 to 89, 22% (n=23) from 90 to 99, 16% (n=17) from 100 to 109, 13% (n=13) from 110 to 119, and 1% (n=1) between 120 and 129. This indicates that some participants had mild burnout, most had moderate burnout, and a few had severe burnout. Conclusion: Self-medication practices common among healthcare workers, increased during the COVID-19 Pandemic which must be appropriately managed to stay away from the ill effects. Providing adequate mental health resources and education to the affected health workers will motivate them increasing their productivity during the pandemic.
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group and non diabetic control group. Data was presented as Introduction: Since the end of 2019, a novel Coronavirus percentages for categorical variables and median (interquartile Disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by World Health range) for continuous variables. Chi-square test was used to see Organization (WHO) has ravaged the world. Diabetic patients the association of different qualitative information and Mann-have been reported to be more susceptible to intensive care Whitney U test was used to see the association of quantitative admissions, and deaths due to COVID-19. Diabetes Mellitus data and all p-values were given for justification. A p-value <0.05 (DM) and COVID-19, both associated with chronic and acute was considered statistically significant. inflammation respectively can impact each other in terms of Results: The sample included 300 diabetic and 200 non diabetic clinical progression and outcome. Given the novelty of Severe COVID-19 patients. The mean age non diabetic patients (47.5 Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) years) was significantly less as compared to the diabetic group pathogen, there is need to update and increase the limited (54.5 years), p-value <0.001. The serum level of inflammatory evidence on the probability of DM acting as a risk factor and biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), ferritin, and markers of influencing disease severity and progression. hypercoagulable state, D-dimer, was found to be significantly high Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and coagulation (p-value <0.001) in diabetic patients as compared to non diabetic dysfunction between COVID-19 patients with and without DM patients. Diabetics had a poor prognosis with 231 (77%) receiving as co-morbidity and thereby to study the effect DM has on the oxygen as compared to 51 (25.5%) of non diabetic patients. Total prognosis of COVID-19. 173 (57.7%) of diabetic COVID-19 patients had to be shifted to Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, ICU, 201 (67%) suffered from post COVID-19 complications and single-centre study, conducted Department of Biochemistry at the mortality rate was higher at 18% in diabetics as compared to Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India, 1.5% in non diabetic subjects. from January 2021 to June 2021. Clinical and laboratory data Conclusion: Diabetic patients are at higher risk of uncontrolled of 500 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients were reviewed inflammation and hypercoagulable state which eventually leads in this study. The patients were grouped as diabetic case to deterioration of COVID-19 infection status.
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The novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has created significant challenges in the teaching, learning and evaluation process. The pandemic has significantly disrupted the school education across the country especially in the state of Assam. The process of teaching, learning as well as assessment methodologies are severely affected by this pandemic situation. Only a handful of private schools could adopt online teaching methods. On the other hand, government schools and few private schools especially in rural areas have been completely shut down for not having access to the e- resources. It is a great challenge to keep children's education on the track while they are staying indoors. Hence, the investigators attempted to examine the present status of teaching, learning and evaluation in the secondary schools of Assam. Further, an investigation has also been done to find out the problems faced by the students in practicing online classes in rural areas. Lastly, the paper tries to find out the challenges faced by the teachers and parents during the pandemic period. The study has been conducted in the Barkhetri Block of Nalbari district, Assam. From the study it has been found that the secondary school students in rural areas are facing lots of problems in practicing online classes. The teachers and parents also faced lots of incongruities to keep their children active in the learning process similar to the regular classroom teaching activities.
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Education, with the prime objective of teaching and learning, is defined as the facilitator of learning. Teaching process can be made effective in various ways while one of the most effective ways is the interaction between teacher and students in a class. So, this study is basically trying to analyse the effectiveness of online teaching-learning process during this pandemic of Covid-19 as the entire education system has moved from traditional learning environment to this virtual or online mode. The results of the study portray the ground reality of this mode as all are forced to adopt this mode due to the prevalent situation and as no one is used to it. Almost all students are having negative experiences regarding this mode and majority of them prefer offline mode of learning than the online mode due to various reasons such as poor network, no interaction between teacher and students and health related issues etc.
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Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the new contagious novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pandemic in 2020-21 has had a devastating impact on human race. The most common cause of death among hospitalised patient was COVID-19 pneumonia or lung injury. Various studies have shown diurnal variation in human mortality due to all causes with or without intervention. Aim: To identify existence of diurnal variations for mortality among the hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Materials and Methods: This hospital-record based, retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary referral centre of north east India (Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India) which was a dedicated COVID-19 hospital during the pandemic. The study was conducted from September 2021 to December 2021 and the data was collected and recorded from the Cadaver slips issued to families of patient dying of COVID-19 pneumonia during the period January 2021 to August 2021. The data were generated by plotting the number of deaths of COVID-19 cases for each two hour interval as a percent of the mean number of deaths per two-hour interval and as a percentage of cumulative deaths per two-hour interval on a 24 hour scale. The deaths were sub grouped according to gender, age, and reported co-morbid causes of death along with pneumonia. Comparisons of data i.e., mean deaths/2 hour interval (mean±SD) were performed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Bartlett's test for equal variances. The p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Total 743 deaths, with 537 males and 206 females were included in the study. Mean age of the deaths was 56.39 years. There was rise of deaths during 4 PM to 6 PM (16:00 to 18:00) interval for all deaths due to COVID-19 pneumonia. The increase in deaths during this period was mainly due to deaths among males equal or above 65 years and females below age 65 years. However, the deaths of females equal or above the age of 65 years did not show significant diurnal variation. Only 26.51% (n=197) of pneumonia deaths were without co-morbidity. Conclusion: There exists a diurnal variation in mortality among COVID-19 pneumonia patients with evening rise of deaths. Diurnal variation is significantly more among males rather than females above 65 years.